Academician MA Leontovich. Scientist. A teacher. A citizen Review Essay Example

Academician MA Leontovich. Scientist. A teacher. A citizen Review Paper Essay on Academician MA Leontovich. Scientist. A teacher. A citizen Not just a great book. Memories of several tens of the most famous and the most extraordinary of Soviet physicists, representatives of different scientific schools of his teacher, the times, the manners of ways such that no one ever write will be gone. Who is Mikhail Leontovich, world-class physicist, founder of the world-class scientific school? All is not enough! Legendary person. Book their thoughtful and long-term collection of more than 500 pages its remembered academicians, doctors and candidates even bureaucrats. So currently leontovich said: I am in my life has made two feat: down on a raft on a mountain river in the Altai region in 1928 and dismissed the chief of the first department of the IAE Having it all read off already. unthinkable. To make it clear that there is collected, should probably bring the most vivid examples, just choose a very difficult, but of those whom I myself know, and who believe:  «He did not tolerate insubordination, the same applies to the student, and to Academician did not like the regime of restrictions in science, I believed that they could only refer to the technology. For signing any secret papers to send for a purpose it is usually quiet meek woman. Here, Mikhail, with the stamp paper, she said in a trembling voice. Remember, a vulture a bird that feeds on carrion graciously explained leontovich signing paper We will write a custom essay sample on Academician MA Leontovich. Scientist. A teacher. A citizen Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Academician MA Leontovich. Scientist. A teacher. A citizen Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Academician MA Leontovich. Scientist. A teacher. A citizen Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer the judgment of the whole people were almost always interesting and unexpected.. Justice, he said it is satisfied with envy. The main advantages of the women believed in the order of mention:. Voice, smile, growth Id love to bring a couple more excerpts from the book (memories of my other colleagues, the whole can read them here:): 1. One day in the autumn of 1964 is very excited MA literally flew into the room: Have you heard Lysenko decided to make his deputy academician at the institute with a very distinctive name Nuzhdin, which was not a correspondent member and in general not known. Of course, in the department where Lysenko host Nuzhdin easily passed. Now it must be approved at a general meeting by two-thirds. Never before this procedure does not end in failure, and the person selected in the office, always dial the required number of votes at the General Meeting You understand Nuzhdin no not a scientist, he -. Official who does the will of the possessed Lysenko, who decided his reward for faithful service. Especially Nuzhdin, being the boss, of course, signed as co-author (and not only) most of the scientific work performed by the staff of the Institute. In addition, these people are destroying the biology, the Academy turns into a centaur with a very small human head, which embodies the science and enormous administrative horses ass: academics are in the vast majority of officials and chiefs It is quite obvious that. Nuzhdina prevent elections impossible. General Meeting a swamp, the bulk of even sensible people just do not know what is happening in other departments. But everyone knows that Lysenko enjoyed the patronage of the powerful at the top, and therefore will not communicate with him, so as not to lose their status. However, later the unexpected happened. When voting on each candidate Secretary read out the formal details. After that, says the stock phrases: Are there any questions?. Usually there are no questions, and the procedure ends successful for entrant vote. AI called applicants applicants for academic titles. Typically, before the next elections to the Academy MA table in his office was literally littered with thick packets that are sent applicants. On the question of why so much correspondence, he replied: Candidates want to, I studied their works When it came to Nuzhdina after duty word phrases Secretary asked Tamm.. You know, he was very interested in biology. Tamm in a very polite manner, calling Nuzhdina by name and patronymic, expressed cautious doubt that the applicant meets the requirements of that general meeting makes a member of the Academy. In particular, despite the relatively large number of works, he always heads the list of great collaborators. Moreover, Tamm known fundamental works on biology, which would Nuzhdin supervised or carried out independently. Can you imagine Tamm acquainted with scientific work Nuzhdina! The next speaker was Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich, which is also very soft terms he said that the scientific community is not known Nuzhdina contribution to biological science, and he is not sure that the approval of the nomination Nuzhdina general meeting would be. You know, they were prepared in advance and did not tell me anything. The General Meeting of the alert. All the same, it was clear that t hey would vote for Nuzhdina Suddenly, on the podium appears agitated for many an unknown man and says about these words: What you are discussing Nuzhdin henchman Lysenko and his hands in the Vavilov blood.? ! The room started to panic, brewing scandal. Some climbed from fear under the chairs. We started asking who it was? Lysenko have started frothing at the mouth, academician Ilicheva (Central Committee for Ideology secretary chief of the party of the Academy) demonstratively left the hall, someone joked: Went to call Khrushchev, which at that time went to Scandinavia. You guess who it was? Of course, Andrei Sakharov. He was not involved in the conspiracy, Tamm and Zeldovich, he was not informed about his research scientific works Nuzhdina, they decided to make all intelligent, apparently realizing that Andrei Dmitrievich speak sharply and the scare academics. I honestly thought that Nuzhdina still be approved, but he could have collected a few votes !!! It was a victory, Lysenko has not received unconditi onal approval, and for the first time, at least in the Soviet era, academics assembly voted down the proposed separation of the candidate. 2. MA was perhaps the only person of such a level that was not the star of the hero of Socialist Labor. To paraphrase a famous saying, we can say that the AI ​​was not disgraced government awards. To the layman it looked particularly odious in the Brezhnev era, when the stars were handing out at Easter, to the cover and on the day of the Paris Commune. He had many orders of Lenin and other awards, including the Order of funny guys. He treated it calmly, even he said that on its 50th anniversary (birthday MA March 7, 1903), he received the award instead of the most wonderful gift in my life he died a great leader. Although he enjoyed listening to the story of how one minister, received by the anniversary of Lenins order instead of the star hero, said: They told me spit in the face with the Order of Lenin, however, I feel sad MA about the quality of government, which was then ruled country. With the same mood MA said as he attended the 80th anniversary of the PL Kapitsa . When it was announced that the submarine was awarded the title Hero of Socialist Labor, he told AI: You see, Mikhail, and you can sign the letter (talking about Kapitsa signed letters in defense of dissidents Ch) and stars get. »

Imprisonments Effect on Recidivism

Imprisonments Effect on Recidivism Free Online Research Papers The subject of recidivism in the Criminal Justice System has been long studied. It has also been argued over as to the extent of its effectiveness. Recidivism is defined as the repeating of a negative action after experiencing negative consequences from that action or receiving treatment for that action. In regards to the criminal justice system, recidivism occurs when one is rearrested after serving a sentence. With this in mind, recidivism is only discovered when an arrest and or conviction has occurred. Therefore the true number of recidivism cases only covers reported cases. The question develops of just how does incarcerating criminals affect the rates of recidivism? As of mid 2008 there was approximately a population of 2,310,984 held in federal or state prisons or jails in the United States. Of these 1,540,805 were serving out sentences under federal or state jurisdiction. There was an increase of 509 from 506 sentenced prisoners per 100,000 United States residents from yearend 2007. This was an overall increase of 0.8% from the previous yearend. This was however less than the average increase of 2.4% annually for the years 2000 to 2007. (1) These numbers show the growth of the United States inmate population which leads to problems with overcrowding. Within the next year the Federal Bureau of Prisons will open three federal correctional institutions which can hold an approximate 10,500 federal inmates at maximum capacity. (2) According to a national study in 2003 showed that seven out of ten male prisoners that were released will return to prison. (Viser) The question of how does incarceration effect recidivism seems to be obvious. It doesn’t have an impact on those who serve there sentences in prisons or jails. However there are factors that could influence those who serve time and thereby have an impact on recidivism. The dependant variable of the articles reviewed is recidivism itself in the reincarceration of those who were released. The independent variables found were substance addiction, mental illness, and readjustment to society after release. One problem in an inmate’s rehabilitation is dealing with addiction. In 2002 half of jail inmates were held for drug as well as violent offenses. Drug offender population was up by 37% and more than two thirds of the population growth in local jails was due to the increase of those charged with drug law violations. (4) In a personal interview with a federal inmate I was told that most of those who are in violation of drug laws of possession and trafficking do so to support their own drug addiction. This inmate had been in and out of the judicial system since 1972 stating that â€Å"every time I get out I end up on the dope again†. Because of this problem substance abuse treatment has become implemented into the recovery mind set of incarceration. A qualitative study over a five year period tracked a cohort of nonviolent inmates participating in an alcohol and drug treatment program in Monroe County. The success of this program was shown through the finding that of those who participated in the program were less likely to recidivate within the first year than the control group (Turley). Mental illness is another problem impacting recidivism of inmates. A number of studies have shown that many inmates have shown signs or have been diagnosed as having mental disorders in comparison to other inmates. In a study of 79,211 inmates serving sentences from September 2006 thru August 2007 information on mental disorders and history of incarceration during the previous six years was collected from statewide medical information system and studied. It was found that inmates that had major mental disorders including depressive disorders, bipolar disorders, schizophrenia, and non schizophrenic disorders had a substantially increased chance of reincarceration .Inmates with bipolar disorders were found to have a 3.3 times more likely to have had four or more previous incarcerations than those without the disorder. (Baillargeon) One issue that arises is those who have been labeled as â€Å"career criminals† or those who have the label of being psychopathic. Psychopathy is defined by an uninhibited gratification in criminal, sexual, or aggressive urges and being unable the make improvements with treatment. Those who have this disorder receive gratification and to some extent pleasure from their antisocial behavior. These subjects are also found to have little to no remorse for actions. This includes the not only the consequences for their victims but for themselves as well. It has also been shown that those with psychopathy have a 2.5 times higher probability of being released from incarceration than those who are undiagnosed as suffering from this disorder, even though they are more likely to recidivate. This is in part to the findings that psychopathy is mostly unaffected by not only punishment but rehabilitation techniques as well. Not only does rehabilitation not affect psychopathic individual s but incarceration leads to them becoming better at hiding their disorder and their behavior. (8) Yet another reason that many inmates find themselves incarcerated multiple times is that they have a hard time adjusting to life after being imprisoned. Many inmates become accustomed to the structured life that imprisonment establishes with set times and procedures for working, going to school, eating, and sleeping. In a majority of cases those who are released from incarceration are released under parole and under some extent of supervision. The planning for ones release should begin before their release as well as afterwards. According to an analysis conducted by the Florida Department of Corrections based on 18,414 inmates from 1996 to 1997 showed that those who completed reentry programs including education, vocational, and substance abuse programs were less likely to recidivate than those who did not participate or complete these programs (7). The success rate was increased when reentry programs were continued after release. Part of the hardship with reentering society after being imprisoned is the reintroduction to an environment that brought about their original incarceration. While it is important for those who are incarcerated to distance themselves from the environment and those within that environment that lead to their incarceration it is just as important to for them to strengthen their relationship with those who support them and support their recovery. A study was conducted in Florida with 7,000 inmates who were released to observe the testing of the influence of visitation on recidivism. They looked at whether visitation occurred, the frequency of visits, as well as whom the visitors were (family, friends, or other). They also took into account the inmates age, sex, as well as the reason for incarceration. Overall they found that visitation did have an impact on the amount of time recidivism was delayed over a two year period after release. Within this the closer the visit was to the end of in carceration and the visits of spouses over other family and friends had more affect on the amount of time between recidivating.(9) The results of research seem to show that incarceration itself has little overall effect on recidivism rates o prisoners. It is only with rehabilitation programs that any improvement can be found. Even so the success that is found is more in extending the amount of time between recidivism than with reducing it. Substance addiction issues require long term treatment after release in order to increase the rate of recidivism for these offenders. Recidivism rates with those who suffer from mental disorders are a more difficult problem to control. The problem is more due to the lack of diagnoses and the treatability of the disorder than the matter of long term treatment. Review of articles shows that while incarceration is not the answer to recidivism the treatment and training that inmates receive while incarcerated improves the time between recidivism if not the chances of recidivism. To see more improvement there needs to be an improvement not so much with the treatments and programs p rovided but in the duration of these treatments and programs. Bibliography (1) (n.d.). Retrieved October 1, 2009, from www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/prisons.htm (2) (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2009, from www.bop.gov (3) Viser, C. A. (2003). â€Å"Transitions from Prison to Community: Understanding Individual Pathways†. The Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center, District of Columbia Washington, 20037. (4) Retrieved October 15, 2009, from ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/crimoff.htm (5) Turley, A., Thornton, T., Johnson, C., Azzolino, S. (2004). International Journal of Offender Therapy Comparative Criminology, 48(6), 721-728. (6)Baillargeon, Jacques, Ingrid Binswanger, Joseph Penn, Brie Williams, Owen Murray: American Journal of Psychiatry; Jan2009, Vol. 166 Issue 1, p103-109, (7) (n.d.) Retrieved September 16, 2009, from dc.state.fl.us/pub/recidivismprog/execsum.html (8) (n.d.) Retrieved October 2, 2009, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7833672.stm (9) Bales, w. D., Mears, D. P. (2008). Inmate Social Ties and the Transition to Society Does Visitation Reduce Recidivism?. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 45(3), 287-321. Research Papers on Imprisonments Effect on RecidivismThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseQuebec and CanadaResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenTwilight of the UAWRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Contemporary Issue Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contemporary Issue Analysis - Assignment Example ecific stages of education, and what they should be capable of doing, irrespective of socio-economic status, and other factors that contribute to inequality. It ensures equality and quality in education. Considering this description and the purpose of standardization to achieve appropriate outcomes, standardization of the curriculum is good. Standardization of the curriculum can happen at different levels, that is, at national, state, district and school levels. There is however standardization of the curriculum to fit all, which is not appropriate considering the current U.S education system. Standardization of the curriculum to fit all in this case refers to the current proposed national standards that are getting renewed as a way to reform the education system. This discussion provides reasons why the K-12 curriculum should not be standardized at the national levels. It explains the importance of standardization of the curriculum which supports standardization at state, district, and school levels, but argues against standardization to fit all. Standardization of the curriculum is good because it is a working framework for the teachers. There are different layers of standardization of the curriculum, for example, there are curriculum standards at the state level which specify the skills and content that the children are supposed to acquire at specific grades. There are standardized curricula at the local levels which are more specific, for example, that students in grade six should be taught about a specific disease’ management because of its prevalence in the district (Kendall, 2011). Standardization is important because it provides an effective way of learning; there are goals which guide the teachers, the students and the students in nurturing the society into what they want it to be. It is also beneficial to different populations; as described above, there are standardizations at different levels. It can, therefore, benefit the state, the districts, the

Breathe Right Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Breathe Right - Case Study Example With the expansion of the market, this means that the company had to modify its drugs to meet the various requirements of the foreign markets. Secondly, the company experienced increased growth. The growth was because of the company having new markets. They therefore, had to grow in large numbers and launch new branches in the different countries. This means that the company had to employ more people to work on its newfound market. A third advantage is the increased consumer awareness of CNS products. When new products were introduced in the new markets, more consumers were eager to know what the products were about and the different curative effects that the products had. Through advertising for these products in media stations, it helped increase consumer awareness of CNS products. This in turn attracted more consumers who buy the drugs either as a prescription or over the counter. Additionally, the company benefited from the increased sales. When the company decided to go global, it increased its sales volume by a large percentage. This was because of the increased demand of its product. An increase in sales means that there was an increase in sales revenue too. This means that there was increase in the amount that the company was able to transact in a day. More notably, the company benefited from the newly gained local partnership in the various countries where it expanded. Moreover, the company benefited from an increase in profits, which enabled it to expand. However, the company faced some disadvantages. These include the increased operational cost. The company had to increase the amount of money that it spends in order to maintain the new operations at the various places where it expanded. Secondly, some consumers bought the drugs over the counter without the right prescriptions. This was jeopardizing the existence of the CNC Company in that it was at a risk of being sued for selling its

English Macbeth coursework Essay Example for Free

English Macbeth coursework Essay Is the supernatural wholly responsible for the tragedy that occurs or is Macbeth fatally flawed and responsible for his own heinous crimes? It is my contention that all of the central characters have some integral part to play in the tragedy that occurs. Each have some function in the heinous crimes, and hence one individual cannot be held completely responsible for the bloodshed that occurs. William Shakespeare was born in April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. His father was named John Shakespeare; he was originally a glove maker before eventually becoming a politician. His mother, Mary Arden, belonged to the ranks of high society, being from a wealthy family, she subsequently inherited a great deal of money and farmland. Shakespeare was the third child born to the couple, but was the first to survive. The Shakespeares went on to have four children, Gilbert, Richard, Joan and Mary. Shakespeares family was quite wealthy, and when Shakespeare was four, his father was established as High Bailiff of Stratford. Shakespeares first school was Petty school and when he was seven, it is believed that he went to the local grammar school until at the age of twelve, when he left to help his father who had run into financial trouble. At the age of eighteen, Shakespeare met Anne Hathaway who was the daughter of a local farmer. She was twenty-six. They married in November 1582 and in May 1583 gave birth to their first child Susanna, she was followed two years later by twins Hamnet and Judith. Shortly after this, Shakespeare left Stratford, leaving his family behind. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, Shakespeare arrived in London and found a job in the theatre. He began to act and write a variety of plays and they were hugely popular, though many considered him to be intellectually insecure given that he was not university educated. In 1956, sadly young Hamnet died. By the age of 33, Shakespeare was making vast amounts of money and had been propelled to success, thus gaining country wide fame. He bought the second biggest house in Stratford, lots of land and a share in Londons finest theatre, The Globe. When James 1 became king he displayed a huge interest in the theatre given that he was patron of the arts. He ordered Shakespeares company to change their name to the Kings Men. In June 1613, Shakespeares play Henry V111 was put on at The Globe. During the play, a live cannon shot out a burning ball of paper, which landed on the thatched roof of the theatre. The whole building caught fire and within an hour it had burnt to the ground. After this, Shakespeare decided to retire and move back to Stratford. He was forty-nine and had written thirty-seven plays. He died on the 23rd of April 1616 at the age of fifty-two. He was buried two days later in Holy Trinity Church in Stratford. Macbeth was an old Scottish legend and according to the Holinsheds chronicles of England, Scotland and Wales, Macbeth became king of Scotland in 1040 after having defeated an inadequate, weak and youthful leader. Shakespeares Duncan was much older and demanded respect from Thanes; his murders were more heinous in the dramatic interpretation. The historical Macbeth reigned as king for 17 years. James 1, formerly a ruler in Scotland, was the eighth descendant of the Banquo-Fleance line and because of this Shakespeare presented Banquo in a more honourable light than the historical Banquo actually was. James 1 was intrigued and terrified by witchcraft. In 1597, he produced a book called Daemonolougie, which acted as a guide to recognise and defeat witches. King James believed that he had encountered witches and claimed three witches had raised a storm in order to drown him on his wedding trip. He believed that his encounter was real and three women were consequently murdered after they admitted sailing in a sieve to sink the ship. However, Shakespeare presented this encounter in Act one scene three. During this century, it is estimated that between 4,500 and 8,000 women were destroyed for supposedly practising witchcraft. The king even passed a law proclaiming death to anyone who was thought to be meddling in the dark forces. Shakespeare used the idea of witchcraft, kingship and moral order to develop the play, as these themes were greatly admired by a Jacobean audience. The play is extremely dramatic in its depiction of the corruption of natural order and raw ambition. It starts with the three strange witches meeting on an empty heath. King Duncan wins a great battle and Macbeth becomes a hero. Furthermore, Macbeth and Banquo meet the witches. They predict that Macbeth will be the Thane of Cawdor and later King. The prophetic hags first prophecy comes true and Macbeth does become Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth writes to Lady Macbeth telling her what the witches said. In an ambitious move the husband and wife plot to kill King Duncan. When Duncan comes to stay at Macbeths castle, Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth to go ahead with the murder and grudgingly he does. Malcolm and Donaldblain, sons of Duncan, escape to England and Macbeth is crowned King. However, Macbeth does not trust Banquo and has him murdered, but when Macbeth has a feast, Banquos ghost appears. Hence, Macbeth resolves to revisit the witches and he sees strange apparitions, meanwhile, Macduffs wife and children are murdered by order of Macbeth. Lady Macbeth then becomes insane and dies. The castle is attacked, Macbeth is killed and Malcolm is proclaimed King. One lone character cannot be solely to blame for this tragedy, all of the central characters should be apportioned some blame. Macbeth is a brave and noble soldier who fought heroically for King Duncan. One would not suspect him of pre-mediated murder. Therefore, the witches must have had the ability to corrupt, manipulate and shape his mind. Macbeth must certainly be apportioned some blame as every man is in control of his own destiny. The witches never specifically told him to kill, they merely implanted a suggestion. Macbeth obviously had ambition, which was sparked from the beginning. The witches simply helped to spark this ambition and then worked to keep it alight. He acts along with the help of Lady Macbeth. She manipulates and supports his evil deeds. Macbeth had the power to reject the witchs suggestions and allow nature to take its course, this is evident, as he was able to control hundreds of soldiers in battle and give orders. He was not a weak and challenged man man. Macbeth was on the contrary selfish and power hungry. He let his greed influence him. Loves for his own ends, not for you However, one can reason that Macbeth was not always in control. He is said to be in a rapt state and one whethers this has anything to do with the elemental forces or his over sexual, manipulative wife. Even so, he may be possessed but he is in control of himself as the dialogue suggests, Stay you imperfect speakers tell me more In addition, his tone changes as he gains confidence and he becomes aggressive. This suggests that he is in control and can make up his own decisions. However, there are reflective moments when he reflects on his actions and decides against murder. If chance will have me king, why chance may crown me/without my stir However, this way of thinking is soon non-existent in the second act. Macbeth would be viewed as a hero if he made his own judgement and resisted the temptation. Lady Macbeth is also marginally to blame. She is introduced when she reads Macbeths letter. She is pushed, pressurised, manipulated and calculated the pre-meditated murder. She is powerful and dear to Macbeth and takes full advantage of this. However, we would not expect a woman to rein such power, as this would have been unlikely given the period. Without her cajoling, Macbeth may never have gone through with the first murder. She took control and handled the murders as an unsexed entity. It seems that Lady Macbeth may have been connected with the supernatural before, as she calls out to evil spirits. unsex me here Lady Macbeth could be considered a witch according to the standards of Shakespeares day. She subverts the order of the sexes and the usual family hierarchy by trying to assume more power than the head of the family, her husband. She does appear to have more power over him, as she challenges his manhood so he will commit the murder of Duncan. And live a coward in thine own esteem She uses sexual means to control her puppet like husband and entrances him; thus she is like a witch. By challenging her husbands manhood, she is making him mentally impotent yet in the same way pleading for herself to become an unsexed entity, on an equal power with her husband given his impotent and fragile state, if anything Lady Macbeth is more aggressive in this strange role reversal. This is highlighted in the following quotation, When you durst do it, then you were a man She does not follow the typical role of the wife; she transforms the social order and thus becomes the pinnacle of the family and her alliance with the dark forces becomes dubious, the fact that she works with the weird sisters to influence Macbeth suggests that she is at least indirectly allied with them. Though it can be said that, Lady Macbeth retains her mortal form and temporal powers; she has simply touched on the deep-seated ambitions and greed that were already present in him. Although Lady Macbeth coserts her power and dominance over her weak, ineffectual husband, the elemental forces also corrupt the impotent Macbeth. She also encourages Macbeth to become more confident and assertive and tempt him into using his ambition for his own gains. Without this guidance and the corrupt suggestions, Macbeth would probably have never acted on his impulses and desire for power. The witches cast spells and provide apparitions and thus drive his hunger for power and dominance. The withches intentionally taunt him by making him believe that he is in control, they change their tone and act subservient towards him, speak, demand, well answer We are also more prone to condemning them more as we learn the grotesque content of their cauldron, pour in sows blood that hath eaten her nine farrow These ingredients sound equally gruesome to Macbeth, yet this is overshadowed by the vague, riddled promises that they make, for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth They continually meddle in his life and one could question whether they had anything to do with the hallucinations. Most of the play is written in blank verse, which resembles the natural rhythm of spoken English. The language flows in this form, certain syllables are stressed and there is a lack of end rhyme. However, this rhythm is disturbed when the weird witches are present in the scene. The language and verse is varied, with the witches and present. The verse is much choppier and sharper. Shakespeare also used rhyming couplets, which is particularly applicable for use in the witch scenes, as riddled; rhyming couplets enhance the devious and corrupt nature of the witches. The vocabulary is archaic and typical of Elizabeth style. The language devices Shakespeare used are abundant; he uses figurative language, aural imagery, patterned sound, equivocation, biblical illusions, symbolism and personification. Act 1 Scene 1 opens with thunder and lightening. We establish that this scene could be evil as the weather suggests this. Hence Shakespeare has used pathetic fallacy to enhance atmosphere. It was believed that in superstitious times those fierce storms were omens of unrest in individual people and whole countries. The fact that the witches open the plays shows the theme of supernatural is integral to the play. Shakespeare used the weird witches to open the play to show that evil will taunt Macbeth and will influence what happens in the play. The unearthly creatures talk of the battle being, lost and won. This equivocation shows the witches have the power of prediction and that they have also been anticipating the fight for Macbeths soul. The witches actively seek to meet up with Macbeth; this portrays their meddling side to the audience. there to meet Macbeth The prophetic hags establish a link with the supernatural by calling their familiars. Their familiars were supposedly given to them from Satan to help with sorcery. I come Greymalkin The witches riddled phrases denote the confusion that will occur. Their ambiguous language addresses that things arent always as they seem. fair is foul and foul is fair This line is an analogy for the deceptive facade of Lady Macbeth. The witches Exeunt by hovering through the air and by doing this; they are symbolically linked with the supernatural. From analysing the evidence in this scene, one can assume that the blame is directed to the witches, as they are meddling in Macbeths affairs and are being associated with evil. Act 1 scene 3 also opens with thunder. It shows the extreme nature of the prophetic hags. Their meeting place, the heath, is symbolic of the barren and empty nature of the witches. blasted heath The fact the witches meet again reinforces the idea of sisterhood and coven, where hast thou been, sister? One witch has been a gruesomely killing swine. This is a ritual killing for evil purposes. Another witch relates how a sailors wife denied her food, so decides to attack the sailor. It was superstition that if you denied a witch food then the witch would take steps to punish you. The dramatist uses a strong metaphor here, which creates imagery, Aroint thee witch the rump-fed renyon cries The witch turned herself into a rat and sailed in a sieve to corrupt the sailors ship. There is a symbolic suggestion in the word rat that they are cunning and manipulative. Furthermore, the fact she turns herself into a rat indicates her lower status compared to her familiar. Therefore, her familiar is a lot more powerful than she is, as it is a cat. The witches are very civil to each other, which makes us question whether they really are intrinsically evil, Th art kind Moreover, they speak in rhyming couplets; this increases the notion of incantation and makes their riddles more complex. The first witch produces a human thumb. This implies that she has used her magic for evil. Macbeth is announced with a symbolic drum. His future is told within a drumroll. Death. Macbeths opening words directly associate him with evil. So fair and foul a day I have not seen It is in reference to an earlier quote that the unearthly creatures spoke. This links his destiny with the witches and evil. Macbeth speaks with an important, unsure and hesitant tone and the Weird Sisters prophesise that Macbeth will be Thane of Cawdor and King hereafter. This is what sparks ambitions. Banquo seems jealous but says Macbeth, Seems rapt withal He is in a trance and he may be possessed at this point, perhaps under the control of the supernatural. Banquo already recognises the witches to be unnatural and strange and is very vivid in his description of them. So withered, and so wild in their attire, That look not like th inhabitants o th earth In addition, Banquo may also be suggesting that Macbeth is greedy and expectant. Speak then to me, who neither beg nor fear your favours or your hate Even in his rapt state, Macbeth is still coherent enough to demand to know more. Thus he is in control of himself enough to absorb the information and calculate his actions. His tone becomes more commanding and demanding, hence Macbeth is capable of making his own decisions. Stay you imperfect speakers tell me more Macbeth feels powerful after having been victorious in battle. Macbeth is sadly deluded that he can control the elemental forces, which have succeeded in uncovering his raw ambition. One Macbeth learns he has been made Thane of Cawdor, Banquo says, What can the devil speak true This suggests that evil is at work, One must recognise that the witches never suggested murdering Duncan and it is essential to balance the evidence and make appropriate decisions. We learn of the Weird Sisters connection with evil and of their provoking and meddling, yet they never tell Macbeth to do anything they merely suggest. It is clear that Macbeth is showing his true colours by the end of the scene and is in complete control of his actions. One can reason that he is in rapt state, but after we are given this impression, there is also contrary evidence provided to suggest that he is in fact in control of his actions. The tone actively changes, commanding and directing. In Act 1 Scene 5, Macbeth has sent Lady Macbeth a letter and the first thing Macbeth writes about is the witches. Shakespeare is insinuating that the supernatural has a central role within the play. Macbeth writes, while I stood rapt in wonder of it We once again question whether he was possessed and can be held responsible for his actions. Macbeth calls Lady Macbeth, my dearest partner of greatness This suggests they have a good relationship and usually work together in partnership. Macbeth is aware that he may not have enough ambition. That thou mightst not lose the dues of rejoicing by being ignorant of what greatness is promised thee Macbeth is leaving the decisive action up to Lady Macbeth and hence is giving her freedom of choice. Lay it to thy heart and farewell Lady Macbeth realises that Macbeth is, too full o th milk of human kindness Lady Macbeth feels responsible for what happens so is plotting and planning for him. Yet do I fear thy nature Lady Macbeth reveals her thoughts about witchcraft and the supernatural by calling on evil spirits. come you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts One can assume that she has been embroiled in the supernatural before. She calls on the spirits to change her into a ruthless human being. To take away her soft feminine qualities so that she can assist her ambitious husband who lacks the evil he will need. unsex me here After critically examining the evidence in this scene, one can point the finger of blame towards Lady Macbeth who calls on evil spirits so she can assist her husband. She is already planning and plotting murder. One can now connect her with the supernatural and evil. In Act 1 Scene 7, Macbeth starts to change his mind about the murder, hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been, so clear in his great office In contrast, Lady Macbeth shows optimum strength in this scene. She undermines Macbeth and challenges his manhood. And live a coward in thine own esteem Lady Macbeth plots and plans the murder of Duncan. All her actions are pre mediated, which implies that she is a cold heartless killer, When Duncan is asleep whereto the rather shall his days hard journey soundly invite him-his two chamberlains. Will I with wine and wassail so convince, that memory, the warder of the brain, shall be a fume, and the receipt of reason a limbeck only; when in swinish sleep their drenched natures lie as in death She is so cunning and conniving that she has thought everything through. his spongy officers, who shall bear guilt We are reminded of the earlier quotation, fair is foul and foul is fair It seems to be unfolding like a prophecy. There should be equilibrium in apportioning blame in this scene as Macbeth, though deciding against the murder, was convinced very quickly to go through with it. If he really hadnt wanted to go through with the murder he would have put up a bit more resistance. One can reason that Lady Macbeth has a very strong influence over him and she knows how to use it to her advantage, especially in this scene as she challenges his manhood and has a carefully thought out plan. One could question whether she is inherently evil or whether Macbeth really had any other choice. In Act 2 Scene 1, Banquo is unable to sleep, as he is uncomfortable in the presence of evil thoughts. Merciful powers, restrain in me the cursed thoughts that nature gives way to in repose Macbeth denies his involvement with the unearthly creatures. He is very careful to hide his guilt in murdering Duncan. This is the turning point for Macbeth; he is becoming more and more empowered, I think not of them Macbeth believes he sees a dagger in front of him. This could be a sign of his need to muster his courage, hence he intentionally visualises his evil swaying. This could also be the work of the supernatural. The word dagger reminds us of the unnatural predictions, That summens there to heaven or to hell This soliloquy reveals Macbeths abnormal state of mind. It also reminds one of the unnatural witches who are products of hell. He believes he is becoming stronger, but ironically he is becoming weaker, as he is more and more disturbed as a result of the supernatural. One can use the evidence shown in this scene to appoint the blame to Macbeth as now he is denying any involvement with the witches and lying to his own friends as the supernatural is taking a hold of him. One could question his sanity as he sees a dagger, or one could reason that this is the supernatural meddling and taunting Macbeth. In Act 2 Scene 2, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are becoming more frail minded as they are beginning to realise what they have done in order to get what they want. Lady Macbeth jumps at the sound of an owl. This suggests that she is becoming frail minded and is extremely anxious. Hark! Peace! Other signs of the pair frail mindness are that Lady Macbeth pleads with her husband not to go insane, which is ironic as this happens to her, and that Macbeth cant wash the blood from his hands. No, this my hand will rather the multitudnous seas incarnadine, making the green one red He cant literally wash the blood from his hands and also metaphorically he cant wash away the guilt of what he has done from his blackened soul. For all Lady Macbeths evil words she still has some sort of conscience, as she cant commit the murder herself. She is not as evil as she would like and maybe the evil spirits didnt remove all of her soft gentle side. Macbeth is remorseful, but Lady Macbeth has achieved her desires. She is adamant that the dead cant exact revenge. If anything she has been influenced and manipulated by the supernatural. the sleeping and the dead are but as pictures. Tis the eye of childhood that fears a painted devil In this scene we see that Macbeth is regretting his devious actions, yet this passes very quickly. Lady Macbeth shows very little regret or remorse. One can reason that she couldnt commit the murder herself so she cant be all evil. Both are becoming weakened and anxious. Macbeth cant return the daggers and is initially ashamed of himself. In Act 3 Scene 1, Macbeth has become more powerful. He has not yet converged with the witches, so we can assume that they havent complete power over him in this scene. Lady Macbeth and his own greed now directly influence everything he does. Macbeth has Banquo murdered, but it is his own madness that drove him to do it. He is now more in control of his destiny. I will put that business in your bosoms whose execution takes your enemy off He is level headed and cunningly instructs the murderers to plant themselves away from the palace. I will advise you where to plant yourselves.something from the palace Macbeth gives the murderers reasons to kill Banquo, claiming that Banquo had held them under fortune This portrays his intelligence, but also emphasises his evil side. Macbeth is very clear in what he must do to secure the thrown without challenge. We have scorched the snake but have not scorned it This implies that there are more murders to come. Macbeth is not troubled by the murders he has committed. He is more worried that Fleance escaped. From this we can establish that he has little or no conscience. Fool of scorpions of my mind dear wife thou knowst that Banquo and his Fleance lives One must recognise that neither the supernatural nor Lady Macbeth had anything to do with the murders of Banquo or Fleance, yet Macbeth now uses a style not unlike the style Lady Macbeth had used on him. One could say that her influence has not left him unmarked and she still has some sort of control over him, though it is mostly his own greed that is spurring him on to commit these heinous acts. In Act 3 Scene 4, Macbeth is becoming increasingly cruel in his manner and shows no remorse in his friends death. Tis better thee without than he within He is referring to the blood on the murderers face. Macbeth is upset that Fleance has escaped because it jeopardises his plans and he realises that he can still feel fear. But now I am cabined, cribbed, confined. Shakespeare uses alliteration in this scene for dramatic effect, it emphasises that Macbeth is trapped, desperate and afraid. The use of the c consonant is particularly effective since c is a hard consonant. The sharp sound evoked by this letter emphasises Macbeths fear. He also uses rule of three for literary effect moreover, there is a great association with the number three and magic. The dramatist is once drawing us back into the supernatural and highlighting the fundamental importance of the role of the prophetic hags. There the grown serpent lies, the worm thats fled This is an evocative metaphor used to describe Fleance. By calling him a serpent, Shakespeare is inferring that Macbeth sees him as devious, sneaky and sly. Macbeth sees an apparition of the deceased Banquo. We must question whether this is guilt or the supernatural meddling again. Which of you have done this? This is what we call an asside or soliloquy. A private moment where the character shares his thoughts with the audience. Lady Macbeth refers to Macbeth as a woman. It is ironic that Lady Macbeth feels so superior at this time, because shortly she becomes insane yet here she is perfectly sane. Macbeth reveals his evil intentions by explaining, we are yet but young in deed At the end of this scene Macbeth concludes that he will visit the Weird sisters (witches). His reliance on the supernatural is necessary to stifle his fear. One must recognise that he goes to the supernatural and not the other way about. Therefore, we blame Macbeth for going to the prophetic hags. Act 3 Scene 5 includes Hectate who is the supreme witch. This scene involves her scolding the witches for not involving her. This scene incriminates the witches which makes them responsible. How did you dare to trade and traffic with Macbeth in riddles and affairs of death Hectate also apportions some of the responsibility to Macbeth and believes the witches are wasting their time. Loves for his own ends, not for you The witches know Macbeth is coming to them and they will, draw him on to his confusion thus adding to the supernaturals already existing evil. The inclusion of this scene means that the metaphorical finger is pointed at the Weird Sisters. However, most editors do not consider this scene to be written by Shakespeare. Therefore, this scene should not be included when considering the evidence. If it were, it would suggest that the elemental forces were to blame the whole way through the play. In Act 4 Scene 1, the witches are involved in a ritual, making a concoction for Macbeth to drink. They will be instruments of his doom. There is similar assonance present, to emphasise the riddled and confused nature of their speech and hence to magnify the idea that these are unnatural creatures. chaudron.cauldron The way they chant together reveals their sisterhood. The prophecies they reveal are that Macbeth must be cautious of Macduff (thane of fife Nemises/avenger to Macbeth not born of a women); he will only be defeated when Birnham Wood moves to Dunsinane and that no man born from a mothers womb can ever harm Macbeth. These predictions though extremely ambiguous, are riddled prophecies of Macbeths future. They only tell half-truths but they are also double meanings. Macbeth longs to feel secure. Double double, toil and trouble This enhances the fact that the meanings are going to be double edged. The incantation reveals the turmoil that lies ahead. Macbeths tone is demanding and he thinks he has the power to control the witches when he most certainly doesnt. I conjure you, by that which you profess The witches recognise this and use it to their advantage by making Macbeth feel that he is in control by saying, speak, demand, well answer They are now purposely taunting him and acting in a subservient way and their tone has changed. They lure him into a false sense of security. say if thoudst rather hear it from our moths or from our masters Macbeth has become a puppet for the instruments of darkness. He has become conceited and believes he is untouchable. The prophetic hags have influenced and shaped him by implanting thoughts of grandeur into his head and extracting his ambition. He misinterprets the prophecies and still he isnt satisfied. Yet my heart throbs to know one thing We condemn the witches more so because of the ingredients they put in their cauldron are foul, grotesque and inappropriate in the extreme, Finger of birth strangled babe Yet Macbeth decides to murder all related to Macduff. The killing of these innocents is perhaps his most evil act. It cant be condoned, as they have nothing to do with the situation. Macbeth says, From this moment, the very firstlings of my heart shall be, the firstlings of my hand For this malevolent deed we blame him in this scene, as the witches never said anything about killing Macduffs family. This is completely of his own accord. In Act 4 Scene 3, Malcolm (son of Duncan and prince of Cumberland) tests Macduff and when it is clear that they are both loyal and good, they plan whats to be done. Macbeth has been energized by the witches and goes on a killing spree, murdering Lady Macduff and her son. He has killed me mother Once Malcolm and Macduff learn of the slaughter of Macduffs family they are clear that Macbeth must be stopped immediately. They invite assistance from, the powers of above, Or the heavens to overthrow the tyrant. This suggests that the supernatural world can be fair as well as foul. This reminds us of the former equivocation, which is the central coda of the play. Macbeth is crazed by murder. His actions are now gratuitous, as he is hungry for murder. He was once subservient to the supernatural and now he is a transformed lunatic. He was once empowered by them and now is obsessed and insane. After analysing the evidence from this scene it is clear that Macbeth should be blamed and one must also recognise that there is evidence to show that the supernatural is not all bad. In Act 5 Scene 1, Lady Macbeth becomes completely crazed. Firstly she sleepwalks. Lady Macbeth hallucinates that she has blood on her hands, has sin on her soul. Out damned spot, out I say. Hell is murky will these hands neer be clean? This juxtaposes what she has said previously. A little water should cleanse me of these deeds It is clear that her conscience troubles her and one must recognise that she is not wholly evil. In Act 5 Scene 3, Macbeth is still on a mission for power and will not go down without a fight. Ill fight until from my bones my flesh be hacked. Give me my armour This image is gruesome and unwholesome and it reminds us of the witches and their evil deeds. His choice of language leads us to believe that his encounters with the weird witches had some sick satanic effect on him. His frustration is apparent and he is cruel towards the servant, but this is understandable as he is faced with the risk of battle. He also invites some sympathy when he admits, my way of life has fallen into the sear Yet he musters some confidence at the end and one could recognise that he brought this all on himself. In Act 5 Scene 5, we see the death of Lady Macbeth. She commits suicide, as her evil deeds were too hard to live with. One can recognise that she is not all evil, but merely weak and that she could not live with what she had done. Macbeth seems too far-gone in his evil ways to feel real fear. At the end of scene five Macbeth begins to question the moral fibre of the witches. I pull in resolution and begin to doubt th equivocation of the field Even on the stake he ponders over how he could be killed when the witches promise differently. Whats he that was not born of a woman He still stupidly believes in what he was told. He has been duped as Macduff was, from his mothers womb untimely ripped Macbeth still shouts orders and damns others, yet ironically, it is he that is damned. After critically studying the evidence of that scene we blame Macbeth, as he is evil right to the very end and still obsessed with the supernatural and what the witches have told him. After close critical analysis it is my view that responsibility is swayed in each scene, yet on the whole each party are equally to blame for the bloodshed. There is sufficient evidence to imply that each party had a vital function in the outcome. Macbeth was not wholly responsible for the outcomes of the play, yet he is partly to blame for murdering for his own gains. It is obvious that sometimes he is said to be in a rapt state and one could question whether he had been possessed by the Weird witches. However, even in his rapt state he still seems to be in control of himself. Macbeth never actually calls the three women witches, only weird sisters or prophetic hags; thus one must question whether they actually have any power or only the power of suggestion. They never actually instruct Macbeth to murder anyone, yet they alongside Lady Macbeth work to water the seed of ambition. Fate may have intended Macbeth to seize the throne; the witches may just have been instruments to support this notion and provide Macbeth with guidance. The prophetic hags tempt Macbeth into using his ambition for his own gains and they have knowledge that Lady Macbeth is a power hungry woman who will aid Macbeth. One must assume that they too are evil as they cast spells, provide apparitions and implant notions of power and grandeur. Furthermore, the spells they cast are extreme and the ingredients are highly inappropriate, this further denounces the witches. finger of birth strangle babe In Jacobean times spells were thought to be powerful concoctions brewed for evil purposes. The witches encourage Macbeth to become more confident and assertive and Macbeth is linked with them from the start. He is linked through his phrasing and they talk of him before they are even introduced hence one could say that it is their primary intent to corrupt Macbeth. There to meet with Macbeth Macbeth allows himself be corrupted and is easily lead. His ambition was already there; the witches simply helped it grow. They cannot be held completely accountable as they only fuel and drive his ambition. Lady Macbeth must also be partly blamed for the outcome. She pushed, pressurised and coldly planned the murder of Duncan. She took control and handled the murders as unsexed entity. If not for her, Macbeth may never have murdered Duncan and if he had never murdered Duncan then he would never have got a taste for power or greed. It was only when he first murdered that his hunger escalated and he became driven by greed and ambition. Though one may assume that she is not all evil, as she could not live with herself for the crimes she had committed and became insane. Some critics insist that Macbeth was tricked, cajoled, tempted and guided by the supernatural forces and hence he is not to blame. However, it is my interpretation that the Weird Sisters did tempt, taunt and tease him. They sparked his ambition, but that ambition already lay within Macbeth; the witches simply brought in to the surface. Had the unearthly creatures not have done this one could argue Macbeth would never have thought of killing Duncan. Yet this is only a presumption. One must clearly recognise that witches under any circumstances told Macbeth to murder. Had Lady Macbeth not tackled and challenged Macbeths manhood, one could argue Macbeth may never have murdered Duncan or become embroiled in future murders. Yet it is clear that though in the early stages Lady Macbeth and the supernatural influenced Macbeth, he became a murdering lunatic all of his own accord and was in control of what he was doing. He chose his destiny and killed innocents without any influence from anyone except the influence of his own greed and desire. Macbeth is insatiable, ruthless and domineering. Yet none of the guilty parties are blameless. All three caused the tragedy and only with all three present could the tragedy have been caused. All three parties are portrayed with blame, the tragedy is more satisfying. A seventeenth century audience would have believed, Macbeth was not fully responsible, because witches were prevalent within their society yet a modern day audience would blame Macbeth fully, as they would contemplate that he had no excuse. She believes that it is easier to surface some pity for Macbeth when he is not the only one to blame but part of a triangle of guilt. In my opinion, it is easier to muster sympathy for a person who is not entirely to blame for their actions; in the case of Macbeth, the tragedy is more successful if the popular seventeenth century mentality is adopted, and thereby the witches and Lady Macbeth are made partly to blame for his downfall.

Selfishness and Misguided Views in Madame Bovary Essay -- Madame Bovar

Selfishness and Misguided Views in Madame Bovary The majority of Gustave Flaubert's 1857 classic novel, Madame Bovary , tells of the marriage and two adulterous affairs of one lady, Madame Emma Bovary. Emma, believing she is in love, agrees to marry the widower doctor who heals her father's broken leg. This doctor, Charles Bovary, Jr., is completely in love with Emma. However, Emma finds she must have been mistaken in her love, for the "happiness that should have followed this love" (44) has not come. Emma is misguided in her beliefs on the meaning of love and happiness. It is also apparent that she considers herself more important than anyone connected with her, including her husband, her daughter, and her two lovers. Emma's misguided views and selfishness clearly deny her the happiness to which she feels she is entitled. Madame Bovary begins revealing how she is denied happiness not long after she and Charles are married. A controlling thought resounds in Madame Bovary's mind: " 'Good heavens! why did I marry?' " (58). Emma refuses the happiness Charles offers, despite--or perhaps in spite--of his deep devotion to his wife, and wills herself to separate from her husband. She wonders "if by some other chance combination it would not have been possible to meet another man; and she tried to imagine what would have been these unrealized events, this different life, this unknown husband" (58). Madame Bovary, her loving husband's lack of qualities in mind, instead wants for a "handsome, witty, distinguished, attractive" (58) lover. Assuming this is the version of lover to whom her childhood friends are now married, Emma is also consumed with jealousy. At the ball at Vaubyessard, Emma ridicules Charles when h... ...al touches; and finally upon the soles of the feet, so swift of yore, when she was running to satisfy her desires, and that would now walk no more" (419). Madame Bovary selfishly leaves her husband and daughter to suffer in the poverty that she has caused. She has never loved the two people whom she should have loved most--the two people who did love her most. Happiness will be prevented when selfishness and misguided views are present. Instead of longing for things that one cannot have and emotions that are simply unattainable, one should glory in the love of the family and friends one has, and enjoy whatever objects one may attain. Only then may one find the true happiness that one's soul longs after. Works Cited Flaubert, Gustave. The World's Great Classics: Madame Bovary . Translated from French by Eleanor Marx-Aveling. New York: Grolier Incorporated, n. d.

Music as Social and Political Instrument of Change in Latin America

Philosophers and critics have long argued over which way the maxim should read:   does art imitate life, or does life imitate art?   Historically, artists of every medium have contributed to the social dialogue via there works, whether through hieroglyphics depicting a successful journey to the underworld, a holy Requiem for the dead, or shock artist Robert Mapplethorpe’s sexually and religiously controversial exhibits.   Music transcends most art forms as a tool for unification because it inherently invites participation, even more so than dance or theater in the realm of the performing arts, which demand more individual preparation.   Songs and chants can be generated anywhere, and often hearken back to indigenous folk music that taps into a communal experience, thus strengthening the sense of interconnectedness. In Latin American, two similar genres of music developed out of the cultural music of the region in response to contemporary socio-political issues that personally affected in Chile and Cuba.   In Chile, Nueva Cancià ³n (â€Å"New Song†) emerged in the mid-1960s, just as Nueva Trova was taking root in Cuba.   In light of the New Song movement’s intimate relationships in the revolutions that rocked Latin America during the late 60s to mid 70s, one is urged to conclude that Eric Selbin’s assertion regarding revolutions being â€Å"made† not â€Å"arriving† more accurately reflects the inherent ideological influence in socio-political upheaval.   As Nancy Morris records a member of the musical movement saying, â€Å"’[Canto Nuevo is] not just a post-1973 way of singing.   In what is said and how it’s said poetically and musically, Canto Nuevo is a process’† (qtd. in Morris 118). Both musical movements stemmed from artistic reactions to the living and working conditions in Chile and Cuba respectively, and both embraced traditional folk music’s conventions as a platform to express politicized lyrics.   â€Å"New Song began as a fusion of traditional musical forms with socially relevant lyrics.   Although each country has developed variations of New Song that reflect local social and political conditions and musical styles, New Song as a whole can be characterized as music intended to support and promote social change† (Morris 117). In Chile, songwriter, activist, educator, poet and martyr Victor Para wrote songs that for many defined the atmosphere of the movement and the hope of the community. His song, â€Å"Plegaria a un Labrador,† which â€Å"uses Biblical language to convey a message of hope and change,† was chosen as the best song of the Primer Festival de la Nueva Cancià ³n Chilena in 1969 (Morris 120).   Jara’s music (and the music of the entire movement) was like a responding chorus to the political requests of Salvador Allende, the Unidad Popular (â€Å"Popular Unity†) coalition candidate.   In â€Å"Plegaria a un Labrador,† Jara wrote the following lyrics: levà ¡ntate y mà ­rate las manos,  para crecer estrà ©chalas a tu hermano.   Juntos iremos   unidos en la sangre.   Hoy es el tiempo que puede ser maà ±ana   rise up and look upon your hands,   so as to grow clasp your brother’s in your own.   We shall advance together united in our blood.   Today is the time/when we can shape tomorrow. These lyrics suggest a call to arms and a charge to unify (i.e., â€Å"Unidad Popular†) so that the many can affect positive change for the good of the citizenry.   Yet there is still a sense of hope in the song, that the working class have the capacity to stand together and â€Å"advance,† not simply battle meaninglessly against oppression.   Jara went on to openly support Allende, including performing free concerts. Only three years after Allende was elected, the US-supported military staged a coup on September 11, 1973.   Allende most likely committed suicide. â€Å"The music of the Nueva Cancià ³n was severely affect by this media censorship [after the coup]. It was banned from the airwaves, removed from record stores, confiscated, and burned†¦ musicians were exiled, imprisoned, and, in the well-known case of Victor Jara, killed† (Morris 123). On September 12, 1973, Jara and thousands of other Allende supporters were taken to the Chile Stadium, where Jara was tortured and murdered.   The new government tried to silence the Nueva Cancià ³n by forcing the musicians to hide, but the music was not the property of the musicians; as Jara so eloquently wrote, the music was for the working people of Chile, and thus is was not to be completely suppressed. In Cuba, the revolution began with in 1953 with the guerilla attack on the Moncada Barracks and culminated in the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista’s government on January 1, 1959 by a group, which included Fidel Castro, Raul Castro, and Ernesto â€Å"Che† Guevara.   After he assumed power, Castro spent the early part of the 1960s eliminating all Batista loyalists, including the mass execution of 70 Batista regime soldiers.   One crucial element of support for Castro’s social change, even in the wake of such brutality, was the proliferation of songs that supported the revolution and its progressive intentions. Artists such as Silvio Rodrà ­guez and   Pablo Milanà ©s were responsible for the Nueva Trova in the late 60s, and their efforts were directed to re-imagining the traditional music for the new culture under Castro’s political umbrella.   To this end, the government sponsored and supported those artists of the movement, because they were, in turn, supporting the progressive movements of the new party.   Both Rodrà ­guez and Milanà ©s wrote songs for Che Guevara, for example.   â€Å"By negotiating their way through Cuban cultural politics, Rodriguez's generation defined their politics in the process, proving Cuban culture to be diverse and inspiring,†¦challenging propaganda clichà ©s by creating the distinctive self- critical songs of the Cuban revolution,† (Fairly 15). In both countries, the music makers were part of the recipe for social and political change.   Their lyrics gave illiterate people a way to express their frustrations and concerns, and the musicians of the Nueva Cancià ³n worked with and against the political forces of their day.   As Fairly writes:  In a country not blessed with newspapers, the words of songs matter: songs like the iconic Ojala, a song about impossible desire and dreams that seems to capture all life's uncertainties in one, became the soundtrack of everyday life across the Spanish-speaking world. Although he was no apologist for the revolution, Rodriguez's popularity at home became so great that people joked that he had gone from being â€Å"banned† to â€Å"obligatory.† (15)  This sense of obligation is part of the way in which many people have a hand in creating and growing massive socio-political movements. Works Cited Jan Fairley. â€Å"Film & Music: Jazz, World, Folk etc†¦ An accidental hero: For Latin Americans, Silvio Rodriguez is the equivalent of the Beatles and Dylan rolled into one. Ahead of a rare UK visit, Jan Fairley met the Cuban singer.† The Guardian Sept. 2006: 15.  Ã‚   National Newspapers, London, UK. ProQuest. 6 Feb. 2007 ;http://www.proquest.com/;  Morris, Nancy.   â€Å"Canto Porque es Necesario Cantar: The New Song Movement in Chile, 1973-1983.† Latin American Research Review 21.2 (1986): 117-136. ; ;